Tethered balloon-born and ground-based measurements of black carbon and particulate profiles within the lower troposphere during the foggy period in Delhi, India

The ground and vertical profiles of particulate matter (PM) were mapped as part of a pilot study using a Tethered balloon within the lower troposphere (1000 m) during the foggy episodes in the winter season of 2015–16 in New Delhi, India. Measurements of black carbon (BC) aerosol and PM < 2.5 and 10 μm (PM2.5 & PM10 respectively) concentrations and their associated particulate optical properties along with meteorological parameters were made. The mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, BC370 nm, and BC880 nm were observed to be 146.8 ± 42.1, 245.4 ± 65.4, 30.3 ± 12.2, and 24.1 ± 10.3 μg m− 3, respectively. The mean value of PM2.5 was ~ 12 times higher than the annual US-EPA air quality standard. The fraction of BC in PM2.5 that contributed to absorption in the shorter visible wavelengths (BC370 nm) was ~ 21%. Compared to clear days, the ground level mass concentrations of PM2.5 and BC370 nm particles were substantially increased (59% and 24%, respectively) during the foggy episode. The aerosol light extinction coefficient (σext) value was much higher (mean: 610 Mm− 1) during the lower visibility (foggy) condition. Higher concentrations of PM2.5 (89 μg m− 3) and longer visible wavelength absorbing BC880 nm (25.7 μg m− 3) particles were observed up to 200 m. The BC880 nm and PM2.5 aerosol concentrations near boundary layer (1 km) were significantly higher (~ 1.9 and 12 μg m− 3), respectively. The BC (i.e BCtot) aerosol direct radiative forcing (DRF) values were estimated at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), surface (SFC), and atmosphere (ATM) and its resultant forcing were - 75.5 Wm− 2 at SFC indicating the cooling effect at the surface. A positive value (20.9 Wm− 2) of BC aerosol DRF at TOA indicated the warming effect at the top of the atmosphere over the study region. The net DRF value due to BC aerosol was positive (96.4 Wm− 2) indicating a net warming effect in the atmosphere. The contribution of fossil and biomass fuels to the observed BC aerosol DRF values was ~ 78% and ~ 22%, respectively. The higher mean atmospheric heating rate (2.71 K day− 1) by BC aerosol in the winter season would probably strengthen the temperature inversion leading to poor dispersion and affecting the formation of clouds. Serious detrimental impacts on regional climate due to the high concentrations of BC and PM (especially PM2.5) aerosol are likely based on this study and suggest the need for immediate, stringent measures to improve the regional air quality in the northern India